Contents
Preface xix
CHAPTER1 Introduction
Introduction
The Need for Enhanced Services
The Past
The Future Has Become the Present
Goals of the Emerging
Communications Technologies
LAN Interconnectivity
A Brief Summary
Need for Greater Communications Capacity
LAN and WAN Internetworking
Costs of Connecting Dispersed LANs
The Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Proposed Solutions
The Confusion Factor
Fast Relay Systems
Trends in Technology
Hardware and Software
New Technologies: To Use Them or Not
to Use Them?
Broadband Networks
Broadband Signaling Hierarchies
Applications Supported by the New Technologies
New Technologies: Competitive or Complementary?
Performance and Distance Considerations
Obtaining Services for the Networks:
Bandwldth on Demand
Where Services are Provided
Layered Architectures of the Emerging Technologies
Summary
CHAPTER2 Foundations for the Emerging Technologies
Introduction
Virtual Circuits
A Brief Digression
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Switehed Virtual Circuit (SVC) or Connection
on Demand
Semi-permanent Virtual Circuits (SPVC)
Connection-oriented and Connectionless Systems
Connection-orientated Systems
Connectionless Systems
The Pros and Cons
The Coexistence of Connection-oriented Systems
and Connectionless Systems
Variable Bit Rate (VBR) and Constant Bit Rate
(CBR) Applications
VBR Applications
CBR Applications
Flow Control and Congestion Management
Explicit Flow Control
Implicit Flow Control
No Flow Control
User Payload Integrity Management
Layered Protocols and Protocol Data Units
Addressing and Identification Schemes
Multiplexing Methodologies
Switching, Routing, and Relaying
Source and Non-source Routing
Fixed and Adaptive Routing
Network Interfaces
Convergence, Segmentation,
and Reassembly Operations
Summary
CHAPTER3 Emerged Technologies
Introduction
T1/E1 CARRIER Systems
The Purpose of Tl and El
"Typical" Topology
Tl and El Layers
T1/EI PDUs
Conclusions on T1/E1
X.25
The Purpose of X.25
Typical Topology
X.25 Layers
X.25 PDUs
Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.25
Conclusions on X.25
ISDN
The Purpose of ISDN
Typical Topology
ISDN Layers
ISDN PDUs
Conclusions on ISDN
Signaling System Number 7 (SS7)
The Purpose of (SS7)
Typical Topology
887 Layers
887 PDUs
Conclusions on 887
FDDI
The Purpose of FDDI
Typical Topology
The FDDI Layers
FDDIPDUs
Other Notable Aspects of FDDI
Conclusion on FDDI
Summary
CHAPTER4 Frame Relay
Introduction
The Purpose of Frame Relay
Pertinent Standards
Typical Frame Relay Topology
The Frame Relay Layers
Frame Relay and Its Relationship
to ISDN Layers
OSI and ANSI Layers
The Frame Relay Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Frame Relay Operations in More Detail
The Frame Relay Core Functions
The Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)
Frame Relay Link Layer Error Checking
Potential Congestion Problems
Traffic Management
Consolidated Link Layer Management
(CLLM)
The Discard Eligibility Bit
Committed Information Rate
Leaking CIR and Fast Forward CIR
Classes of Service Using Bc and Be
DLCIs in More Detail
The Frame Relay Network-to-Network
Interface (NNI)
NNI Operations
Bellcore Exchange Access FR (XA-FR)
PVC Service
Other Notable Aspects of Frame Relay
DLCI Values
Added Options to Frame Relay
The Local Management Interface (LMI)
Frame Relay SVC Operations
Other Quality of Service (QOS) Options
Internetworking Frame Relay and ATM
Multiprotocol Operations over Frame Relay
The Frame Relay MIB
Frame Relay Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER5 Fast and Swltched Ethernet
Introduction
Generations of LANs
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Switched Ethemet
Switched Ethernet Architecture
Store and Forward and Cut-through Switches 1
Virtual LANs
Fast Ethernet
IOOBASET
AnyLAN
Fast/Switched Ethernet Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER6 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Switched
Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
Introduction
The Purpose of a MAN
Pertinent Standards
A Typical MAN Topology
Topology Reconfiguration with Self-Healing
Networks
The MAN Layers
MAN Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
MAN Operations in More Detail
The Access Unit (AU)
Overview of the DQDB Protocol
DQDB Counters
Location Discovery
Segmentation and Encapsulation Operations
Other Notable Aspects of the MAN
MAN Summary
Introduction to SMDS
The Purpose of SMDS
Pertinent Standards
A Typical SMDS Topology
SMDS Layers
SMDS Protocol Data Units
SMDS Operations in More Detail
Defining and Measuring Congestion
The Sustained Information Rate (SIR)
and Access Classes
SIP Segmentation and Encapsu!lation Functions
SNI Quality of Service (QOS) Operations
The Interchange Carrier Interface (ICI)
Quality of Service (QOS) Objectives
Other Notable Aspects of SMDS
SMDS Address Management Operations
The ISSI
The Operations System/Network Element (OS/NE)
Interface (Operations Technology)
The SMDS MIB
MAN/SMDS Worksheet
SMDS Summary
CHAPTER7 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 1
Introduction
The Purpose ot ATM
Pertinent Standards
An ATM Topology
The VPI and VCI Labels
ATM Layers
ATM and the B-ISDN Model
ATM Protocol Data Units (Cells)
ATM Operations in More Detail
Physical Layer Interfaces
ATM over Copper
Rationale for the Cell Size
Network Transparency Operations 202
ATM Labels
Multiplexing VCIs and VPIs
ATM Connections on Demand
ATM Switching
Classes of Traffic
AAL Types
Traffic Management in an ATM Network
ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control
and Congestion Control
The ATM B-ISDN Intercarrier Interface (B-ICI)
Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI
Traffic Management at the B-IC!
Reference Traffic Loads
B-ICI Layer Management Operations
Other Notable Aspects of ATM
Addressing in an ATM Network
Network Management
The ATM MIB
ATM Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER8 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Introduction
Purpose of SONET/SDH
Synchronous Networks
Pertinent Standards
Typical SONET/SDH Topology
SONET/SDH Layers
SONET/SDH in More Detail
Automatic Protection Switohing (APS) ;
The SDH Multiplexing Structure
Payloads and Envelopes
Payload Pointers
Examples of Payload Mapping
Mapping and Multiplexing Operations
Error Checking, Diagnostics, and Restoration
The Control Headers and Fields
SONET/SDH Equipment
Other Notable Aspects of SONET/SDH
Operation Administration and Maintenance
(OAM) Operations
Progress in SONET/SDH Penetration
SONET/SDH Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER9 Mobile Communications Technologies
Introduction
The Purpose of Mobile Communications Systems 7
Typical Cellular Systems Topology
Cellular Systems Operations in More Detail
Cellular System Types and Market Penetration 3
GSM
GSM Interfaces
Call Routing
Location Updating
GSM 900/DC1800: Foundation for PCS 1900
(TDMA)
CDMA: A New Arrival into the Commercial
Mobile, Wireless World
TDMA versus CDMA
Cordless Systems Operations in More Detail
CT2
DECT
Other Standardization Efforts for PCS
The Auctions in the U.S. and the PCS Marketplace 31
Candidates for PCS Technologies
The Cellular Digital Data Packet System
Specification (CDPD)
CDPD Services and Servers
Third-Generation Mobile Systems
Some Concluding Thoughts
Mobile Communications Systems Worksheet
Mobile Communications Summary
CHAPTER10 Residential Broadband
Introduction
The Problem with the Subscriber Loop
The Proposed Solutions: Two Interlocking Approaches,
Coding/Modulation and Wiring
How Much Bandwidth Is Needed to Satisfy
the Subscriber?
Downstream Bandwidth
Upstream Bandwidth
Beyond the Coding/Modulation and Wiring:
Service Provisions
Switohed Digital Video (SDV)
Coding and Modulation
HDSL
ADSL
Wiring at the Local Loop: Subscriber Loop Options
Hybrid/fiber Copper (HFCop)
Hybrid/fiber Coax (HFC)
Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) and Fiber to the
Home (FTTH)
The Wireless Option
Mananging the Broadband Signals
Bellcore's TR-303 Specification
Residential Broadband Worksheet
Summary
Appendix IOA: Coding and Modulation Techniques
for Residential Broadband
Introduction
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Examples of Modulation Schemes and Bit Rates
Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation (CAP)
CHAPTER11 Broadband Signaling Networks
Introduction
What Are Broadband Signaling Networks?
Differences between Broadband and Conventional
Signaling Systems
N-ISDN and B-ISDN
Example of a Broadband Signaling Network Operation
Examples of Services Provided
by the Broadband Network
ISO 9577
ATM Parameters
The Broadband Signaling Protocols
How the Broadband Signaling Stacks Operate
Broadband Signaling Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER12 Advanced Intelligent Network
Introduction
Operator Services Systems (OSS)
The 800 Service-Inklings of an Advanced Intelligent
Network (AIN)
Key Aspects of the AIN
The Intelligent Network and the Advanced Intelligent
Network
Distribution of Functions
Evolution to the AIN
Other Parts of the AIN
Example of an AIN Operation
The AIN Basic Call Model
Standardized Messages
The Private Virtual Network
AIN Worksheet
Summary
CHAPTER13 Intemet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Introduction
Functions of the Internet Protocol (IPv4)
The IP Address
Problems with IP and the IP Address
The Solution--an Expanded IP Address
Space
Alternatives to the Overhead of IPv6
Addresses
The Next Generation IP-IPv6
Functions of the IPv4 Header Fields 84
Functions of the IPv6 Header Fields 187
IPv6 and ATM
Fixed Routing and Virtual Circuits 1
Supporting Different Types of Traffic 889
The IPv6-ATM Debate
IPv6 Worksheet
Summary
APPENDIXA A Tutorial on Communications Networks
Introduction
Data Communications Networks
Classifying Networks
Wide Area and Local Area Networks
Network Components
Voice Networks
Nonhierarchical Routing
History of and Inherent Problems with Coexistence
of Analog and Digital Systems
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Data Images over Voice Channels
FDM, TDM, and STDM
Circuit, Message, Packet, and Cell Switching
Network Routing Operations
The Challenge of Integrating Voice, Data,
and Video Applications
Fast Packet Switahing (FPS)
Hybrid Switching
APPENDIXB Layered Protocols, OSI, and TCP/IP
Introduction
Protocols and the OS1 Model
OS1 Layer Operations
The Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)
The Internet Layers
IP Functions
TCP Operatlons
APPENDIXC Management Information Bases (MIBs)
Introduction
Purpose of a MIB
Examples of MIB Objects and Other Entries 436
APPENDIXD Emerglng Communications
Technologles Worksheet
Abbreviations
References
Index
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