Real-Time Rendering, Third Edition

Preface xi

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1 Introduction 1

1.1 Contents Overview 2

1.2 Notation a...

Preface xi

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1 Introduction 1

1.1 Contents Overview 2

1.2 Notation and Definitions 4

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2 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 11

2.1 Architecture 12

2.2 The Application Stage 14

2.3 The Geometry Stage 15

2.4 The Rasterizer Stage 21

2.5 Through the Pipeline 25

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3 The Graphics Processing Unit 29

3.1 GPU Pipeline Overview 30

3.2 The Programmable Shader Stage 30

3.3 The Evolution of Programmable Shading 33

3.4 The Vertex Shader 38

3.5 The Geometry Shader 40

3.6 The Pixel Shader 42

3.7 The Merging Stage 44

3.8 Effects 45

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4 Transforms 53

4.1 Basic Transforms 55

4.2 Special Matrix Transforms and Operations 65

4.3 Quaternions 72

4.4 Vertex Blending 80

4.5 Morphing 85

4.6 Projections 89

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5 Visual Appearance 99

5.1 Visual Phenomena 99

5.2 Light Sources 100

5.3 Material 104

5.4 Sensor 107

5.5 Shading 110

5.6 Aliasing and Antialiasing 116

5.7 Transparency, Alpha, and Compositing 134

5.8 Gamma Correction 141

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6 Texturing 147

6.1 The Texturing Pipeline 148

6.2 Image Texturing 156

6.3 Procedural Texturing 178

6.4 Texture Animation 180

6.5 Material Mapping 180

6.6 Alpha Mapping 181

6.7 Bump Mapping 183

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7 Advanced Shading 201

7.1 Radiometry 202

7.2 Photometry 209

7.3 Colorimetry 210

7.4 Light Source Types 217

7.5 BRDF Theory 223

7.6 BRDF Models 251

7.7 BRDF Acquisition and Representation 264

7.8 Implementing BRDFs 269

7.9 Combining Lights and Materials 275

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8 Area and Environmental Lighting 285

8.1 Radiometry for Arbitrary Lighting 286

8.2 Area Light Sources 289

8.3 Ambient Light 295

8.4 Environment Mapping 297

8.5 Glossy Reflections from Environment Maps 308

8.6 Irradiance Environment Mapping 314

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9 Global Illumination 327

9.1 Shadows 331

9.2 Ambient Occlusion 373

9.3 Reflections 386

9.4 Transmittance 392

9.5 Refractions 396

9.6 Caustics 399

9.7 Global Subsurface Scattering 401

9.8 Full Global Illumination 407

9.9 Precomputed Lighting 417

9.10 Precomputed Occlusion 425

9.11 Precomputed Radiance Transfer 430

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10 Image-Based Effects 439

10.1 The Rendering Spectrum 440

10.2 Fixed-View Effects 440

10.3 Skyboxes 443

10.4 Light Field Rendering 444

10.5 Sprites and Layers 445

10.6 Billboarding 446

10.7 Particle Systems 455

10.8 Displacement Techniques 463

10.9 Image Processing 467

10.10 Color Correction 474

10.11 Tone Mapping 475

10.12 Lens Flare and Bloom 482

10.13 Depth of Field 486

10.14 Motion Blur 490

10.15 Fog 496

10.16 Volume Rendering 502

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11 Non-Photorealistic Rendering 507

11.1 Toon Shading 508

11.2 Silhouette Edge Rendering 510

11.3 Other Styles 523

11.4 Lines 527

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12 Polygonal Techniques 531

12.1 Sources of Three-Dimensional Data 532

12.2 Tessellation and Triangulation 534

12.3 Consolidation 541

12.4 Triangle Fans, Strips, and Meshes 547

12.5 Simplification 561

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13 Curves and Curved Surfaces 575

13.1 Parametric Curves 576

13.2 Parametric Curved Surfaces 592

13.3 Implicit Surfaces 606

13.4 Subdivision Curves 608

13.5 Subdivision Surfaces 611

13.6 Effcient Tessellation 629

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14 Acceleration Algorithms 645

14.1 Spatial Data Structures 647

14.2 Culling Techniques 660

14.3 Hierarchical View Frustum Culling 664

14.4 Portal Culling 667

14.5 Detail Culling 670

14.6 Occlusion Culling 670

14.7 Level of Detail 680

14.8 Large Model Rendering 693

14.9 Point Rendering 693

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15 Pipeline Optimization 697

15.1 Profiling Tools 698

15.2 Locating the Bottleneck 699

15.3 Performance Measurements 702

15.4 Optimization 703

15.5 Multiprocessing 716

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16 Intersection Test Methods 725

16.1 Hardware-Accelerated Picking 726

16.2 Definitions and Tools 727

16.3 Bounding Volume Creation 732

16.4 Geometric Probability 735

16.5 Rules of Thumb 737

16.6 Ray/Sphere Intersection 738

16.7 Ray/Box Intersection 741

16.8 Ray/Triangle Intersection 746

16.9 Ray/Polygon Intersection 750

16.10 Plane/Box Intersection Detection 755

16.11 Triangle/Triangle Intersection 757

16.12 Triangle/Box Overlap 760

16.13 BV/BV Intersection Tests 762

16.14 View Frustum Intersection 771

16.15 Shaft/Box and Shaft/Sphere Intersection 778

16.16 Line/Line Intersection Tests 780

16.17 Intersection Between Three Planes 782

16.18 Dynamic Intersection Testing 783

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17 Collision Detection 793

17.1 Collision Detection with Rays 795

17.2 Dynamic CD using BSP Trees 797

17.3 General Hierarchical Collision Detection 802

17.4 OBBTree 807

17.5 A Multiple Objects CD System 811

17.6 Miscellaneous Topics 816

17.7 Other Work 826

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18 Graphics Hardware 829

18.1 Buffers and Buffering 829

18.2 Perspective-Correct Interpolation 838

18.3 Architecture 840

18.4 Case Studies 859

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19 The Future 879

19.1 Everything Else 879

19.2 You 885

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A Some Linear Algebra 889

A.1 Euclidean Space 889

A.2 Geometrical Interpretation 892

A.3 Matrices 897

A.4 Homogeneous Notation 905

A.5 Geometry 906

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B Trigonometry 913

B.1 Definitions 913

B.2 Trigonometric Laws and Formulae 915

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Bibliography 921

Index 1003